{"id":990963,"date":"2024-04-09T14:23:54","date_gmt":"2024-04-09T11:23:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wayanatapas.com\/?p=990963"},"modified":"2026-07-15T17:18:42","modified_gmt":"2026-07-15T14:18:42","slug":"osmanlida-sarap-yasaklari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wayanatapas.com\/en\/osmanlida-sarap-yasaklari\/","title":{"rendered":"Osmanl\u0131’da \u015earap Yasaklar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun o as\u0131rlar boyunca s\u00fcren g\u00f6rkemli ser\u00fcveninde, kadehlerin \u00fczerine \u00e7\u00f6ken her yasak ve ferman, asl\u0131nda toplumsal ve ekonomik birer g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesini simgeler. Siyasi otoritelerin d\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem getirdi\u011fi bu sert engellemeler, san\u0131lan\u0131n aksine sadece dinsel kayg\u0131larla de\u011fil; do\u011frudan asayi\u015f, kamusal d\u00fczen ve vergi dengelerini y\u00f6netmek amac\u0131yla hayata ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\r\n

Bug\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye’sinde \u015earap ve Yasak<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

WAYANA\u2019y\u0131 \u015farap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne odaklanan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc format\u0131yla hayata ge\u00e7irdi\u011fimiz, iki y\u0131la yakla\u015f\u0131yor. 2022 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu faaliyete ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de i\u00e7kiye d\u00f6n\u00fck reklam yasa\u011f\u0131 zaten yedi y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahipti. Payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131m\u0131zda \u015faraba yer verdi\u011fimiz i\u00e7in Instagram hesab\u0131m\u0131z bloke edilip kapat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu nedenle WAYANA Wine Bar ad\u0131yla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z tan\u0131t\u0131mlar konusunda \u00e7ok dikkatli olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz. Uygulama o kadar trajikomik ki, yay\u0131nevleri ad\u0131nda \u015farap ge\u00e7en kitaplar\u0131 yay\u0131nlamak konusunda endi\u015fe ta\u015f\u0131yorlar, bundan ceza\u00ee sorumluluk \u00e7\u0131kabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcp uzak durmay\u0131 tercih ediyorlar. Bu k\u0131s\u0131tlay\u0131c\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z topraklardaki ge\u00e7mi\u015fini anlamak i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki \u015farap yasaklar\u0131na yak\u0131ndan bakt\u0131k.<\/p>\r\n

Osmanl\u0131’da \u015earap<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The Ottoman Empire, which ruled over a wide geographical area for more than six centuries, had its ups and downs regarding its relationship with wine. Although the dynasty had a Muslim lineage with a predominantly Muslim population, there was also a considerable diversity regarding ethnic identity and religious beliefs in the Ottoman society. As such, the restrictive rules concerning alcoholic beverages showcased significant variation over time. With respect to the diversity in the public, the main intention was that the prohibitions primarily targeted the Muslim population by providing some flexibility to non-Muslim subjects.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

\u015eer\u2019i kurallara dayal\u0131 ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli i\u00e7ki yasa\u011f\u0131 her zaman ge\u00e7erli olmakla birlikte, tarih kay\u0131tlar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde i\u00e7kinin t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemler oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6steriyor. Yasaklar\u0131n s\u00fcreleri elbette ki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6stermi\u015f. Bu yaz\u0131da, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde hangi padi\u015fahlar d\u00f6neminde i\u00e7ki yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak derlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimlerin devletin ya\u015fam s\u00fcresi i\u00e7indeki paylar\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar oldu\u011funun irdelenmesi, Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemini de\u011ferlendirmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor. Fakat belki daha da ilgin\u00e7 olan\u0131, yasaklar\u0131n konuldu\u011fu zamanlarla ilgili bilgimiz olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, ne zaman y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkt\u0131klar\u0131 tarihsel kay\u0131tlardaki mu\u011flakl\u0131k.<\/p>\r\n

IV. Murad D\u00f6nemi ve Siyasi Asayi\u015f Kayg\u0131s\u0131 Olarak \u015earap Yasaklar\u0131<\/h2>\r\n

Osmanl\u0131 tarihindeki en sert ve kanl\u0131 \u015farap yasaklar\u0131n\u0131n uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 IV. Murad d\u00f6nemi (1630’lar), san\u0131lan\u0131n aksine yaln\u0131zca teolojik bir dinsel refleksle a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz; bu bask\u0131 mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131nda dikey bir siyasi asayi\u015f ve otorite kurma kayg\u0131s\u0131 yatmaktad\u0131r. D\u00f6nemin \u0130stanbul’unda, \u00f6zellikle b\u00fcy\u00fck yeni\u00e7eri isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n, askeri ayaklanmalar\u0131n ve taht kavgalar\u0131n\u0131n planland\u0131\u011f\u0131 as\u0131l fitil merkezleri, devlet denetiminden uzak olan kozmopolit Galata ve Suri\u00e7i meyhaneleriydi. Gen\u00e7 padi\u015fah, 1633 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck Cibali yang\u0131n\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaosu ve toplumsal \u00f6fkeyi f\u0131rsat bilerek, kahvehanelerle birlikte t\u00fcm meyhaneleri de dikey olarak kapatm\u0131\u015f ve alkol t\u00fcketimini \u00f6l\u00fcm cezas\u0131na ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buradaki as\u0131l devlet akl\u0131, kentin o kontrols\u00fcz sosyalle\u015fme a\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmak, askeri ve sivil muhalefeti sessizle\u015ftirmek ve saray otoritesini sokak seviyesinde en sars\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekilde yeniden tesis etmekti. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 \u015farap yasaklar\u0131, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman dini birer buyruktan ziyade, devleti korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan do\u011frudan birer askeri-g\u00fcvenlik doktrini olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\r\n

Hazine ve Kadeh Aras\u0131ndaki Denge: \u015earap Vergilerinin \u0130ktisadi G\u00fcc\u00fc<\/span><\/h2>\r\n

Osmanl\u0131 devlet idaresinin \u015farap ve meyhane yasaklar\u0131 konusunda as\u0131rlar boyunca sergiledi\u011fi o me\u015fhur zikzakl\u0131 duru\u015fun (bazen g\u00f6z yumma, bazen sert yasaklama) arkas\u0131nda yatan as\u0131l b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u0131r, devlet hazinesinin \u015farap ticaretinden elde etti\u011fi o devasa “vergi” (r\u00fcsumat) gelirleridir. Gayrim\u00fcslim tebaan\u0131n ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k ve \u00fcretim yapmas\u0131 tamamen serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu s\u0131v\u0131lar Galata Liman\u0131’na indirildi\u011finde g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergilerine, \u015fehir i\u00e7inde sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise “m\u00fcruriye” (ge\u00e7i\u015f) ve bizzat meyhane ruhsatlar\u0131ndan tahsil edilen maktu vergilere t\u00e2bi tutulmu\u015ftur. Sava\u015f b\u00fct\u00e7elerinin darald\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya hazinenin nakit s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7ekti\u011fi d\u00f6nemlerde, padi\u015fahlar ne denli muhafazak\u00e2r olurlarsa olsunlar, \u015farap ticaretini te\u015fvik ederek hazineye muazzam birer finansal ak\u0131\u015f sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu iktisadi denge, kadehteki s\u0131v\u0131y\u0131 yaln\u0131zca dinsel birer g\u00fcnah olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p, devlet mekanizmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirli\u011fini sa\u011flayan en stratejik finansal ve vergi kalemlerinden birine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\r\n

Osmanl\u0131’da Yasaklar\u0131n Kronolojisi<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The Ottoman sultans who instituted alcohol ban in chronological order and period in which they ruled are as follows:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    \r\n
  1. Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566; also, the longest prohibition practice in Ottoman history: 1555-1566)<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
  2. II. Selim (1566-1574)<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
  3. III. Murad (1574-1595)<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
  4. III. Mehmed (1595-1603)<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
  5. I. Ahmed (1603-1617)<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
  6. IV. Murad (1623-1640)<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
  7. IV. Mehmed (1648-1687)<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
  8. III. Selim (1789-1807)<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
  9. II. Mahmoud (1808-1839)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

    The duration of the ban itself may not be enough to understand the politico-social circumstances of the era which is why we think it is important to look at how these bans were implemented under a few headings:<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

      \r\n
    1. Yaln\u0131z i\u00e7kiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yasaklar\u0131n oldu\u011fu uygulamalar g\u00f6receli olarak daha az. Yasak i\u00e7eri\u011fi \u00e7o\u011funlukla i\u00e7kinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra boza, kahve ve t\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc de i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde daha geni\u015f tutulmu\u015f.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    2. Yasaklananlar\u0131n i\u00e7ki, kahve, boza, nargile, afyon oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek de yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 olur. Esas yasaklanan maddeler de\u011fil, bu maddelerin servis edildi\u011fi yerler: meyhaneler, bozahaneler, kahvehaneler, vs.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    3. Bu yasaklarla mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n hedeflenmesi asl\u0131nda sadece i\u00e7ki servisinden kaynaklanmam\u0131\u015f. Bu mek\u00e2nlar d\u00f6nemin toplumsal haberle\u015fme a\u011f\u0131 olan kulaktan kula\u011fa (f\u0131s\u0131lt\u0131 gazetesi) ileti\u015fiminin uzunca bir d\u00f6nem vuku buldu\u011fu yerler olmu\u015f. Bu yan\u0131yla devlet politikas\u0131yla \u00e7eli\u015fen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilginin yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ya da en az\u0131ndan zorla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bu mek\u00e2nlar\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ileti\u015fim kanal\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesi ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f.<\/li>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
    4. Yukar\u0131daki keyif verici madde (eski adlar\u0131yla m\u00fcskirat ve m\u00fckeyyifat) yasa\u011f\u0131yla do\u011frudan ilgisi olmamakla birlikte, kapat\u0131lan bir esnaf mek\u00e2n\u0131 daha var: berberler.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

      1800\u2019lerin ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finden sonra i\u00e7kiye d\u00f6n\u00fck hi\u00e7bir yasak getirilmemi\u015f. Bunun belki birden \u00e7ok sebebi var; fakat birinci s\u0131raya konmas\u0131 gereken gerek\u00e7e (gelene\u011fi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de devam eden) i\u00e7ki sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan sa\u011flanan vergi geliri. Asl\u0131na bakarsan\u0131z, Kanun\u00ee d\u00f6neminden sonra uygulanan yasaklar\u0131n hepsinin k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi, giderek zay\u0131flayan Osmanl\u0131 maliyesinin i\u00e7kiden elde etti\u011fi vergi kazanc\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeyi g\u00f6ze alamamas\u0131.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

      .\u00a0<\/p>\r\n

      Osmanl\u0131 fermanlar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131nda saklanan o asayi\u015f ve vergi kayg\u0131l\u0131 \u015farap kapatmalar\u0131, kadehler \u00fczerindeki as\u0131rl\u0131k devlet denetimleri ve \u0130stanbul’un kozmopolit s\u0131v\u0131 belle\u011fi ilginizi \u00e7ekiyorsa, blogumuzdaki di\u011fer nitelikli tarihsel ve b\u00f6lgesel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131m\u0131za da g\u00f6z atabilirsiniz:<\/p>\r\n