{"id":992733,"date":"2026-06-26T13:35:22","date_gmt":"2026-06-26T10:35:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wayanatapas.com\/?p=992733"},"modified":"2026-06-26T13:38:30","modified_gmt":"2026-06-26T10:38:30","slug":"sarap-mantarinin-tarihi-1-cam-siselerden-once-sarabin-korunmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wayanatapas.com\/en\/sarap-mantarinin-tarihi-1-cam-siselerden-once-sarabin-korunmasi\/","title":{"rendered":"\u015earab\u0131n Oksijenle \u0130mtihan\u0131: Cam \u015ei\u015felerden \u00d6nce \u015earab\u0131n Korunmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Gerek haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z k\u0131sa videolarda gerekse kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z blog yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda \u015fi\u015fe kapatma sistemleri ve mantar t\u0131palar s\u0131k s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman do\u011fal mantar\u0131n m\u0131 yoksa alternatif kapatma sistemlerinin mi daha iyi oldu\u011fu sorusu etraf\u0131nda \u015fekillenen bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7er\u00e7evesini biraz geni\u015fletmek istedik. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc mantar\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi yaln\u0131zca bir t\u0131pan\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi de\u011fil; insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ld\u0131r \u015farab\u0131 koruma \u00e7abas\u0131n\u0131n da hik\u00e2yesi.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle yolculu\u011fumuza mantarla de\u011fil, onun \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunla ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz: oksijenle. \u015earab\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan bu yana \u00fcreticilerin kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorulardan biri, onu zaman\u0131n ve havan\u0131n etkilerinden nas\u0131l koruyacaklar\u0131yd\u0131. Bu soruya verilen cevaplar bizi antik \u00e7a\u011flar\u0131n amforalar\u0131na, re\u00e7inelerine, balmumlar\u0131na ve unutulmu\u015f uygulamalar\u0131na kadar g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn \u015farap \u015fi\u015felerinin vazge\u00e7ilmez par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz do\u011fal mantar t\u0131pa, binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k bir aray\u0131\u015f\u0131n sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 kapatma sistemlerinden biridir. \u00c7o\u011fumuzun \u201calt taraf\u0131 bir t\u0131pa\u201d diyerek pek \u00fczerinde durmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015farap mantar\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda \u015farap tarihinin en \u00f6nemli teknolojik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerinden biri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek olduk\u00e7a etkileyici. \u00dcstelik bu yaln\u0131zca mantar\u0131n hik\u00e2yesi de\u011fildir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015farab\u0131n, ticaretin, cam\u0131n, bilimin ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n deneme-yan\u0131lma yoluyla olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bilgi birikiminin de hik\u00e2yesidir.<\/p>\n

Bu yolculuk boyunca \u00fczerinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z topraklar da anlat\u0131m\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ayr\u0131lmaz bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olacak. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015farab\u0131n tarihine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Anadolu’nun yaln\u0131zca bir co\u011frafya de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn en \u00f6nemli do\u011fum yerlerinden biri oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu bilgilerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, \u015farab\u0131n bug\u00fcn bu topraklarda hak etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ne kadar gerisinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeden edemeyeceksiniz. Ama bizi gelecekte g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015farap \u00fclkesi yapabilecek potansiyel de tam burada yat\u0131yor. Ba\u015fkalar\u0131nda olmayan bir mirasa sahibiz. Onun ad\u0131 Anadolu.<\/p>\n

\"Ermenistan'daki
Areni-1 \u015farap i\u015fli\u011fi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Oksijen: \u015earab\u0131n Hem Vazge\u00e7ilmezi Hem D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131<\/h2>\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bilgi donan\u0131m\u0131m\u0131zla bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda \u015farab\u0131n neden bozuldu\u011funu anlamam\u0131z \u00e7ok kolay. \u015earap \u00fcretiminin ilk a\u015famalar\u0131nda oksijen, mayalar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 geli\u015fimi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. Ancak ayn\u0131 oksijen, fermantasyon tamamland\u0131ktan sonra kontrols\u00fcz bi\u00e7imde \u015farapla temas etti\u011finde onun en b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131ndan birine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bug\u00fcn bunu bu denli kolayca anlamam\u0131z bizi hi\u00e7 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rtm\u0131yor. Ama geriye, binlerce y\u0131l \u00f6ncesine uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, o zaman\u0131n \u015farap yap\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015farap bir mucizeydi; bozulma sebebi ise bir muammayd\u0131. Onlar\u0131n tek silah\u0131 g\u00f6zlem yapabilmeleriydi. Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6zlemler sonucu a\u011fz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rak\u0131lan bir kaptaki \u015farab\u0131n nas\u0131l k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini, tat ve kokusunu kaybetti\u011fini ve sonunda i\u00e7ilemez hale geldi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bilim tarihi g\u00f6zleyen insan\u0131n \u00fcretti\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerin ve arkas\u0131nda yatan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n tarihidir. Elbette \u015farap tarihi de bunu do\u011frulayacak bi\u00e7imde seyretmi\u015f. \u0130lk \u015farap \u00fcreticilerinin \u201cMadem ki a\u00e7\u0131k kapta bozuluyor, acaba kab\u0131 kapatsam nas\u0131l olur?\u201d giri\u015fimiyle \u015farab\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 saklanmas\u0131 konusunda ilk ad\u0131m\u0131n at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemiz herhalde yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz. Bu soruya cevap aramakla ba\u015flayan ve o g\u00fcn bug\u00fcn devam eden bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 bizi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f t\u0131palara kadar getirecek.<\/p>\n

\"\u015earap
\u015earap saklanan pitos<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0130lk \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: \u015earab\u0131 Kapta Saklamak<\/h2>\n

\u015earap \u00fcretmeyi \u00f6\u011frenen ilk topluluklar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6zmek zorunda kald\u0131klar\u0131 ilk sorun, onu g\u00fcvenle saklayabilecekleri kaplar bulmakt\u0131.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bize \u00fc\u00e7 malzemeyi i\u015faret ediyor: hayvan derisi (tulum), toprak kaplar ve ah\u015fap kaplar. Organik yap\u0131lar\u0131 gere\u011fi hayvan derisi ve ah\u015fap kaplar\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n zor oldu\u011funu tahmin edersiniz. Ama toprak kaplar bize \u00e7ok zengin bir ar\u015fiv sunuyor.<\/p>\n

Deri kaplar organik yap\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015famad\u0131. Buna ra\u011fmen Areni-1 gibi erken \u015farap \u00fcretim merkezlerinde ele ge\u00e7en bulgular, deri tulumlar\u0131n ve bunlar\u0131n bitkisel liflerle ba\u011flanan a\u011f\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcyor.1<\/sup><\/p>\n

Ah\u015fab\u0131n \u015farap kab\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Roma d\u00f6neminden kalan f\u0131\u00e7\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Ama daha eskiye ait somut \u00f6rnek ele ge\u00e7irilememi\u015f. Ancak \u201cTarihin Babas\u0131\u201d kabul edilen Herodot\u2019un kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda bu ah\u015fap f\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n izini s\u00fcrmemiz m\u00fcmk\u00fcn: \u201cBabil’e nehir yoluyla gelen teknelerden bahsedece\u011fim… Yukar\u0131 Ermenistan’da s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct dallar\u0131ndan iskeletler yap\u0131p \u00fczerini derilerle kaplayarak yuvarlak tekneler in\u015fa ederler. Bu teknelerin i\u00e7ine koyduklar\u0131 en temel y\u00fck, palmiye a\u011fac\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f f\u0131\u00e7\u0131lara doldurulmu\u015f \u015farapt\u0131r.<\/strong> Babil’e ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131nda \u015farab\u0131 ve f\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 satarlar, teknenin s\u00f6\u011f\u00fct iskeletini orada b\u0131rak\u0131p derileri e\u015feklere y\u00fckleyerek karayoluyla tekrar kuzeye d\u00f6nerler.”<\/em>2<\/sup><\/p>\n

Herodot\u2019un bu kayd\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc de destekler. Babil\u2019e yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgeler me\u015fe a\u011fac\u0131ndan yoksundur ama palmiye a\u011fac\u0131 boldur. Bu a\u011fa\u00e7lardan bizim al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z formdaki f\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fil, palmiye k\u00fct\u00fcklerinin i\u00e7inin oyulmas\u0131yla yap\u0131lan varillerin ve d\u00fcz levhalar\u0131n s\u0131zd\u0131rmaz ziftle yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131yla elde edilen silindirik kaplar\u0131n kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek daha do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n

Herodotos’un aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiler, arkeolojik bulgularla da uyumludur. Ah\u015fap kaplar organik yap\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015famam\u0131\u015f olsa da, Babil \u00e7evresindeki kaz\u0131larda ah\u015fap kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla birlikte bit\u00fcm (do\u011fal zift) izleri bulunmu\u015ftur.Anla\u015f\u0131lan Babil\u2019deki ustalar ah\u015fap kaplar\u0131 s\u0131zd\u0131rmaz hale getirmek, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle oksijen temas\u0131n\u0131 kesmek i\u00e7in, zift kullanm\u0131\u015flar.<\/p>\n

Ah\u015fap, deri ve toprak kaplar, ilk \u015farap \u00fcreticilerinin en \u00f6nemli yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131yd\u0131. Ancak onlar\u0131n da ciddi bir sorunu vard\u0131: \u00d6zellikle toprak kaplar\u0131n g\u00f6zenekli yap\u0131s\u0131, \u015farab\u0131 havan\u0131n etkilerinden tam olarak koruyam\u0131yordu. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu soruna geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler, bizi art\u0131k \u015farap kaplar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 y\u00fczeylerine ve ilk ger\u00e7ek kapatma sistemlerine g\u00f6t\u00fcrecek.<\/p>\n

Okumaya Devam Edin<\/h2>\n

Bu yaz\u0131da de\u011findi\u011fimiz konular\u0131 daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 incelemek isterseniz a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki i\u00e7erikler ilginizi \u00e7ekebilir:<\/p>\n

Teruar Nedir?<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n

Anadolu’nun Teruar Haritas\u0131<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Franc de Pied<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> Barnard, H., Dooley, A. N., Areshian, G., Gasparyan, B. & Faull, K. F. (2011). Chemical Evidence for Wine Production around 4000 BCE in the Late Chalcolithic Near Eastern Highlands<\/em>. Journal of Archaeological Science<\/em>, 38<\/strong>(5), 977-984.<\/p>\n

2 <\/sup>Herodot, Tarih<\/em> (\u00c7ev. M\u00fcntekim \u00d6kmen), \u0130stanbul: T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1. Kitap, 194. B\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cam \u015fi\u015felerin ve mantar t\u0131palar\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce insanlar \u015farab\u0131 nas\u0131l koruyordu? Bu yaz\u0131da deri tulumlardan ah\u015fap kaplara, amforalardan ilk s\u0131zd\u0131rmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlerine uzanan binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k yolculu\u011fu inceliyoruz. \u015earap tarihinin g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen kahraman\u0131 ise ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri ayn\u0131: oksijen.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":992736,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[278],"tags":[479,87,482,476,481,480,475,478,229,477,483],"class_list":["post-992733","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sarabin-bilimlerle-iliskisi","tag-amfora","tag-anadolu","tag-antik-dunya","tag-mantar","tag-oksidasyon","tag-pithos","tag-sarap-mantari","tag-sarap-saklama","tag-sarap-tarihi","tag-tipa","tag-wayana-referans-serisi"],"yoast_head":"\n\u015earab\u0131n Oksijenle \u0130mtihan\u0131: Cam \u015ei\u015felerden \u00d6nce \u015earab\u0131n Korunmas\u0131 - Wayana Wine Bar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cam \u015fi\u015felerden \u00f6nce \u015farap nas\u0131l korunuyordu? 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