{"id":993633,"date":"2026-07-11T10:08:25","date_gmt":"2026-07-11T07:08:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wayanatapas.com\/?p=993633"},"modified":"2026-07-11T22:56:39","modified_gmt":"2026-07-11T19:56:39","slug":"sarabin-oksijenle-imtihani-3-amforalarin-yukselis-ve-dususu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wayanatapas.com\/en\/sarabin-oksijenle-imtihani-3-amforalarin-yukselis-ve-dususu\/","title":{"rendered":"\u015earab\u0131n Oksijenle \u0130mtihan\u0131 3: Amforalar\u0131n Y\u00fckseli\u015f ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc"},"content":{"rendered":"
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WAYANA Referans Serisi ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ilk iki yaz\u0131m\u0131zda<\/span> (birinci yaz\u0131m\u0131z<\/span><\/strong><\/a> ve ikinci yaz\u0131m\u0131z<\/span><\/strong><\/a>) Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019\u0131n \u015farap \u00fcreticilerinin \u015faraplar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc uzatmak i\u00e7in neler yapt\u0131klar\u0131na bakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. Bu seri i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar esnas\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za Levant B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ndeki Tel Kabri\u00a0 arkeolojik kaz\u0131s\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan bir \u015farap mahzenindeki toprak k\u00fcplerin analiz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.* Analizler yaln\u0131zca k\u00fcptekilerin \u015farap oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamakla kalmad\u0131, \u015farap ustalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015farab\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc uzatmak i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131 katk\u0131 maddelerine yepyeni eklemeler yapt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ama \u00f6nce Tel Kabri\u2019nin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeye biraz daha yak\u0131ndan bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n

\u015earab\u0131n be\u015fiklerinden birisi: Kenan (Canaan) B\u00f6lgesi<\/h2>\n

Arkeoloji ve \u015farap literat\u00fcr\u00fcnde s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan Kenan (Canaan) b\u00f6lgesi; antik \u00e7a\u011flarda kabaca bug\u00fcnk\u00fc L\u00fcbnan, \u0130srail, Filistin, \u00dcrd\u00fcn ve Suriye k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridini kapsayan tarihsel co\u011frafyad\u0131r. Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok, ilerleyen d\u00f6nemde Akdeniz limanlar\u0131ndaki deniz ticaretinin hakimi olan Fenikeliler ile tan\u0131n\u0131rlar. \u015earap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Kenan co\u011frafyas\u0131 ger\u00e7ek bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131d\u0131r; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bug\u00fcn \u015farap ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n simgesi olan iki kulplu ve alt\u0131 sivri transport amfora formu, ilk kez milattan \u00f6nce 1500\u2019lerde bu k\u0131y\u0131larda do\u011fmu\u015ftur. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131larla ve Ege adalar\u0131yla yap\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekli ilk deniz ticaretinin ihracat\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015flatanlar da bu kadim liman topluluklar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\"Amforalar\u0131n<\/h2>\n

Tel Kabri Kaz\u0131lar\u0131 ve Kral\u0131n \u015earap Mahzeni<\/h2>\n

\u015earab\u0131n organik yap\u0131s\u0131 ve havayla m\u00fcnasebetine duyarl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, elimize \u00e7ok eski \u00f6rneklerin ula\u015fmas\u0131na izin vermiyor. Ula\u015fabildi\u011fimiz \u00f6rnekler \u015faraplar\u0131n muhafaza edildi\u011fi kaplardaki kurumu\u015f \u015farap kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n analizinden \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7lar. \u0130srail\u2019in Bat\u0131 Celile b\u00f6lgesindeki Tel Kabri Saray\u0131 kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen kaz\u0131lar esnas\u0131nda arkeologlar, \u015farap tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hazine kadar de\u011ferli bir mahzen ke\u015ffettiler. Kerpi\u00e7 duvarlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6kmesiyle havayla temas\u0131 kesilen bu mahzende 40 adet 50\u2019\u015fer litrelik \u015farap k\u00fcp\u00fcn\u00fcn yerleri bozulmadan (arkeoloji dilinde in situ<\/em>) bug\u00fcne kadar ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edildi. Buras\u0131, bilimsel analizlerle i\u00e7eri\u011fi do\u011frulanan en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u201csaray \u015farap mahzeni\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

K\u00fcplerin Brandeis \u00dcniversitesi\u2019ndeki laboratuvarlarda yap\u0131lan incelemeler tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda antik \u00e7a\u011f \u015farap ustalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015faraplar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in oksijene kar\u015f\u0131 verdikleri sava\u015fta neler kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n re\u00e7etesini elde etmi\u015f olduk:<\/p>\n

Menengi\u00e7 Re\u00e7inesi (Terebinth<\/em>):<\/h3>\n

B\u00f6lgedeki yabani sak\u0131z a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131ndan elde edilen menengi\u00e7 re\u00e7inesi, \u015farab\u0131n ek\u015fimesini \u00f6nleyen g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir yerel antimikrobiyal bariyer olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

S\u0131\u011fla A\u011fac\u0131 Re\u00e7inesi (Storax – Liquidambar orientalis<\/em>):<\/h3>\n

Analizlerde \u00e7\u0131kan Liquidambar orientalis<\/em> izleri \u00e7ok \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu a\u011fa\u00e7 bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada neredeyse sadece bizim Mu\u011fla\/Fethiye co\u011frafyam\u0131zda yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Antik Kenan insan\u0131n\u0131n \u015farab\u0131 korumak ve ona aromatik bir karakter katmak i\u00e7in s\u0131\u011fla re\u00e7inesini Anadolu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan ithal etti\u011fini g\u00f6rmek b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici bir ticaret a\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n

Organize Ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u0130lk Kan\u0131t\u0131 (Bal):<\/h3>\n

\u015earab\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc uzatmak ve asiditeyi dengelemek i\u00e7in k\u00fcplere bal eklenmi\u015fti. Bulunan methyl syringate<\/em> maddesi, bu b\u00f6lgedeki organize ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k tarihini bilinenden tam 7 y\u00fczy\u0131l daha geriye \u00e7ekti.<\/p>\n

Antik Eczac\u0131l\u0131k Uygulamalar\u0131:<\/h3>\n

\u015earaplar\u0131n bozulmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek i\u00e7in sedir ya\u011f\u0131, ard\u0131\u00e7, nane ve tar\u00e7\u0131n gibi antiseptik bitkiler standart bir form\u00fclle t\u00fcm k\u00fcplere uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Mahzende yer alan toplam \u015farap miktar\u0131 2000 litre; yani bug\u00fcnk\u00fc al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u015fi\u015fe boyutlar\u0131yla bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda yakla\u015f\u0131k 2600 \u015fi\u015fe. Bu miktar halka da\u011f\u0131t\u0131labilecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fil. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bunun h\u00fck\u00fcmdara ait ve tek bir rekolteden olu\u015fan bir \u2018ki\u015fisel rezerv\u2019 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. Anla\u015f\u0131lan, d\u00f6nemin \u015farap ustalar\u0131 menengi\u00e7 kullanarak geli\u015ftirdikleri koruma y\u00f6ntemleriyle h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015farab\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc uzatan bir kimya m\u00fchendisli\u011fi geli\u015ftirmi\u015fler.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan analizler Antik D\u00f6nem \u015farap ustalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki yabani sak\u0131za\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131ndan elde ettikleri menengi\u00e7 re\u00e7inesini \u00e7ift y\u00f6nl\u00fc kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor: hem k\u00fcplerin i\u00e7 y\u00fczeyini bu s\u0131cak re\u00e7ineyle s\u0131vayarak k\u00fcp yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kili ge\u00e7irimsiz hale getiriyorlar hem de re\u00e7ineyi do\u011frudan \u015farab\u0131n i\u00e7ine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yorlar. Menengi\u00e7teki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc antioksidan yap\u0131, \u015faraptaki asetik asit bakterilerini durdurarak sirkele\u015fmeyi \u00f6nl\u00fcyor. Bir benzetme yapacak olursak, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn \u015farap \u00fcretiminde k\u00fck\u00fcrd\u00fcn \u00fcstlendi\u011fi g\u00f6revi o d\u00f6nemde menengi\u00e7 \u00fcstleniyordu.<\/p>\n

\"amforalar\u0131n<\/h2>\n

Amforalar\u0131n Y\u00fckseli\u015f ve D\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f\u00fc: Lojistik K\u0131r\u0131lma Noktas\u0131<\/h2>\n

\u0130lk ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f yeri Kenan b\u00f6lgesi olan amforalar yakla\u015f\u0131k 1000 y\u0131l boyunca \u015farab\u0131n deniz ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki standart ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 oldu. Geli\u015ftirilen formlar hem bir ki\u015finin ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131na uygun hem de gemi ambarlar\u0131nda kum kullan\u0131larak elde edilen zeminde istiflenerek sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131na elveri\u015fliydi. Bu \u00f6zellikleriyle \u015farap lojisti\u011finin kral\u0131 oldular ve Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6neminde de egemenliklerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

Ancak Romal\u0131lar\u0131n Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine ilerlerken tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ah\u015fap f\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar, \u015farab\u0131n transferinde yeni bir malzeme ve format\u0131n h\u00e2kim olmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanacak bir d\u00f6nemi ba\u015flatt\u0131. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimin, yani amforan\u0131n yerini ah\u015fap f\u0131\u00e7\u0131ya b\u0131rakmas\u0131n\u0131n sebepleri nelerdi?<\/p>\n

Hacim:<\/h3>\n

Toprak kaplar \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck oldu\u011funda ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 ve nakliyede kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Ta\u015f\u0131nabilecek b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki toprak kaplar, yani amforalarsa 20-25 litre \u015farap alabiliyordu.<\/p>\n

Dara yani kap a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131:<\/h3>\n

Ambalaj verimlili\u011fi hesab\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rken ta\u015f\u0131nan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn net a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ambalaj\u0131n kendi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Toprak amforalar\u0131n kal\u0131n \u00e7eperlerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r olmas\u0131 lojistik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli bir dezavantaj oluyordu.<\/p>\n

K\u0131r\u0131lganl\u0131k:<\/h3>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k deniz yolculuklar\u0131nda formlar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 avantajla gemi ambarlar\u0131nda \u00e7ok verimli bir bi\u00e7imde istiflenen amforlar kara yolu ve ak\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 nehir ta\u015f\u0131mac\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck zayiat veriyordu.<\/p>\n

Ah\u015fap F\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n Sahneye \u00c7\u0131kmas\u0131:<\/h2>\n

Roma ordular\u0131 ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyine do\u011fru ilerledik\u00e7e Keltlerin ve Galyal\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015ftirdikleri f\u0131\u00e7\u0131larla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Daha \u00f6nce Herodot Tarihi\u2019nde ilk kez kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z silindir bi\u00e7imindeki palmiye f\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n yerini, bu kez Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7lerinde yetkin bir ustal\u0131kla \u00fcretilmi\u015f \u00a0\u00f6rnekleri ald\u0131. Romal\u0131lar, Galyal\u0131lar\u0131n me\u015fe levhalar\u0131 \u0131st\u0131p b\u00fckt\u00fckten sonra metal \u00e7emberlerle s\u0131karak \u015fekil verdikleri ah\u015fap f\u0131\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n avantajlar\u0131n\u0131 hemen fark ettiler.<\/p>\n