{"id":994646,"date":"2026-09-25T10:56:48","date_gmt":"2026-09-25T07:56:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wayanatapas.com\/?p=994646"},"modified":"2026-09-25T12:10:22","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T09:10:22","slug":"pitane-sarap-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wayanatapas.com\/en\/pitane-sarap-tarihi\/","title":{"rendered":"Pitane: Denize A\u00e7\u0131lan \u015earap Yolu"},"content":{"rendered":"
T\u00dcRK\u0130YE: D\u00fcnyan\u0131n En B\u00fcy\u00fck A\u00e7\u0131k Hava \u015earap M\u00fczesi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Antik \u00c7andarl\u0131\u2019da \u015farab\u0131n izini amphoralardan limanlara, Ege\u2019den Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay Havzas\u0131\u2019na s\u00fcrmek<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u00c7andarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bug\u00fcne kadar \u015fa\u015f\u0131lacak kadar iyi durumda ula\u015fmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f nefis bir kalesi vard\u0131r. Kalenin \u00f6n\u00fcndeki bo\u015f alana konmu\u015f banklardan birine oturup s\u0131rt\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 kaleye verdi\u011finiz zaman \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fczde \u00c7andarl\u0131 K\u00f6rfezi uzan\u0131r. Bak\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011fa do\u011fru kayd\u0131r\u0131rsan\u0131z kuzeye do\u011fru uzanan k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u00fcz, uzaklarda da g\u00f6remedi\u011finiz ama varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011finiz Ege Adalar\u0131 gelir akl\u0131n\u0131za. E\u011fer kalenin arkas\u0131ndan i\u00e7erilere kadar bakma imkan\u0131n\u0131z olsa, orada da Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay Havzas\u0131 ve Bergama<\/span><\/strong><\/a> \u00e7\u0131kar kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Antik \u00e7a\u011fda burada Pitane vard\u0131. Aiolis kentlerinden biri olan Pitane, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7andarl\u0131 yar\u0131madas\u0131 \u00fczerinde, Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay’\u0131n denize ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafyan\u0131n hemen k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunuyordu. Konumu onu yaln\u0131zca bir k\u0131y\u0131 yerle\u015fimi de\u011fil, Ege ile i\u00e7 b\u00f6lge aras\u0131nda do\u011fal bir ge\u00e7i\u015f noktas\u0131 haline getiriyordu.<\/p>\n

Pitane \u015farap tarihi i\u00e7in bug\u00fcn iz s\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flasak, acaba Pitane’nin bizimle payla\u015faca\u011f\u0131 hik\u00e2yeleri olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlayabilir miyiz? Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda i\u015fte bu iz s\u00fcrmeyi ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n

\"\u00c7andarl\u0131<\/a><\/h2>\n

Acaba Pitane’de \u015earap Var m\u0131yd\u0131?<\/h2>\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bilgilerimizle Pitane’nin \u00f6nemli bir \u015farap \u00fcretim merkezi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyemiyoruz. Antik metinlerde Pitane \u015farab\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcn\u00fcnden s\u00f6z eden a\u00e7\u0131k bir kay\u0131t bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, kentte \u015farap \u00fcretildi\u011fini do\u011frudan g\u00f6sterecek bir \u00fcretim tesisi ya da arkeobotanik bulgu da hen\u00fcz yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f de\u011fil. Ama bu, Pitane’nin \u015farap tarihinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmiyor. Tam tersine, arkeolojik buluntular \u015farab\u0131n da par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu Ege ticaret ve t\u00fcketim d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Pitane’ye kadar ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Bunu biz s\u00f6ylemiyoruz, yakla\u015f\u0131k yetmi\u015f y\u0131l \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lardaki buluntular s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Ekrem Akurgal’\u0131n Pitane Kaz\u0131lar\u0131<\/h2>\n

Ekrem Akurgal 1958\u20131959 ve 1964\u20131965 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Pitane nekropol\u00fcnde, yani mezarl\u0131k alan\u0131nda kaz\u0131lar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. \u00c7andarl\u0131 yar\u0131madas\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyindeki nekropolde yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, yerle\u015fimin \u00f6zellikle Arkaik d\u00f6nemden Hellenistik d\u00f6neme uzanan maddi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc hakk\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bilgiler sa\u011flad\u0131. Kaz\u0131larda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan mezar hediyeleri aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da seramik kap var. Bunlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc bug\u00fcn \u0130zmir Arkeoloji M\u00fczesi’nin Ekrem Akurgal Seramik Eserler Salonu’nda sergileniyor.<\/p>\n

\u015earap tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise iki buluntu \u00f6zellikle dikkat \u00e7ekici.<\/p>\n

Akurgal’\u0131n Pitane nekropol\u00fc kaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan gelen 4332 envanter numaral\u0131 ticari amphora Khios<\/strong> \u00fcretimi ve M\u00d6 7. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonu ile 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015f\u0131na tarihleniyor. 4333 numaral\u0131 di\u011fer ticari amphora ise Klazomenai<\/strong> \u00fcretimi ve yakla\u015f\u0131k M\u00d6 525\u2013500 y\u0131llar\u0131na ait.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece en az\u0131ndan Arkaik d\u00f6nemde iki somut ticaret hatt\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliyoruz:<\/p>\n

Khios (Sak\u0131z Adas\u0131) \u2192 Pitane<\/strong><\/p>\n

Klazomenai (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Urla) \u2192 Pitane<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle Khios ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 \u015farap tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli.<\/p>\n

\"Pitane<\/h2>\n

Khios’tan Pitane’ye<\/h2>\n

Khios, yani Sak\u0131z Adas\u0131, antik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u015farab\u0131yla \u00fcn kazanm\u0131\u015f \u00fcretim merkezlerinden biri. Khios \u00fcretimi ticari amphoralar\u0131n Akdeniz ve Karadeniz boyunca geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyada bulunmas\u0131 bize adan\u0131n \u015farap ticaretinin ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131n maddi izlerini g\u00f6steriyor. Pitane nekropol\u00fcnde bir Khios ticari amphoras\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 bu nedenle dikkate de\u011fer. Yine de arkeolojik kan\u0131t\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 korumak gerekiyor. Bir Khios amphoras\u0131n\u0131n Pitane’ye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, tek ba\u015f\u0131na onun i\u00e7erisinde kesin olarak Khios \u015farab\u0131 bulundu\u011funu veya Pitanelilerin d\u00fczenli bi\u00e7imde Khios \u015farab\u0131 t\u00fcketti\u011fini kan\u0131tlam\u0131yor. Ama bir \u015feyi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6steriyor:<\/p>\n

Pitane, Arkaik d\u00f6nemde Ege’nin ticari dola\u015f\u0131m a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisindeydi.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nekropolde bulunan antik d\u00f6nemin kylix ve benzeri i\u00e7ki kaplar\u0131 da Pitane’deki i\u00e7me k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn maddi d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 tamaml\u0131yor. \u015earap burada hen\u00fcz \u00fcretim \u00fczerinden de\u011fil, dola\u015f\u0131m ve t\u00fcketim \u00fczerinden g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale geliyor.<\/p>\n

Lesbos ve Pitane<\/h2>\n

Pitane\u2019nin bir ba\u015fka Ege adas\u0131yla, Lesbos\u2019la, yani Midilli’yle olan ili\u015fkisini Hellenistik d\u00f6nemden kalan \u00f6nemli bir yaz\u0131t bize g\u00f6steriyor. Yaz\u0131ttaki kayda g\u00f6re Pitane ile Lesbos\u2019un ba\u015fl\u0131ca kenti olan Mytilene aras\u0131nda ciddi bir arazi anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f. M\u00d6 2. y\u00fczy\u0131la tarihlenen bu belgede Pergamonlular iki kent aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131kta hakemlik yap\u0131yorlar. Anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi daha eskiye, Seleukoslar d\u00f6nemine kadar uzan\u0131yor. Belge bize Pitane’nin ekonomik co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7andarl\u0131 yar\u0131madas\u0131ndan ibaret olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Pitaneliler a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Kaikos, yani bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay Havzas\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6nemli arazilere sahipti.<\/p>\n

Hellenistik d\u00f6nemdeki arazi anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin belgeler, Pitane’nin hinterland\u0131n\u0131n Atarneus ve Astyra \u00e7evresine, Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay ovas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erilerine do\u011fru uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Bu durum Pitane’yi ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemizi gerektiriyor. Kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zdaki Pitane yaln\u0131zca k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir liman kentinden ibaret olmayan, denizin gerisinde tar\u0131msal arazileri bulunan ve bu arazileri deniz yollar\u0131na ba\u011flayabilecek konumdaki bir kentti. Bu arazilerde hangi \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin yeti\u015ftirildi\u011fi ise bizim a\u00e7\u0131m\u0131zdan \u00f6zellikle \u00f6nemli. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bug\u00fcn i\u00e7in cevaplayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z soru tam burada duruyor:<\/p>\n

Pitane’nin tar\u0131msal hinterland\u0131nda ba\u011flar var m\u0131yd\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pergamon’un Denize A\u00e7\u0131lan Yollar\u0131ndan Biri<\/h2>\n

Hellenistik d\u00f6nemde Pergamon’un b\u00fcy\u00fcmesiyle a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay Havzas\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik co\u011frafyas\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015fti. Pergamon deniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011fildi. Kentin Ege ve Akdeniz ticaretine ba\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in k\u0131y\u0131daki limanlara ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131. Elaia bu sistemin en \u00f6nemli limanlar\u0131ndan biriydi; Pitane de kuzeyde ayn\u0131 deniz ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7alar\u0131ndan biri olarak i\u015flev g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n

Pergamon’da bulunan Hellenistik ticari amphoralar burada ilgin\u00e7 bir soru ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. D\u00f6nemin b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomik ve siyasi merkezlerinden biri olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Pergamon’da ithal amphoralar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n beklenenden az olmas\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 ba\u015fka bir olas\u0131l\u0131k \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye y\u00f6neltti: \u0130thal mallar Elaia, Kane veya Pitane gibi limanlarda bo\u015falt\u0131l\u0131yor, daha sonra ba\u015fka kaplara aktar\u0131larak i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131yor olabilir miydi?<\/p>\n

Bu hen\u00fcz bir hipotez. Fakat Pitane’nin konumu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde olduk\u00e7a anlaml\u0131 bir hipotez. \u015earap a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczde olas\u0131 bir g\u00fczerg\u00e2h beliriyor:<\/p>\n

Ege \u2192 Pitane \u2192 Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay \u2192 Pergamon<\/strong><\/p>\n

Roma D\u00f6neminde Pitane’nin Ufku Geni\u015fliyor<\/h2>\n

Son y\u0131llarda Pitane’de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen y\u00fczey ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 bu ekonomik rol\u00fcn Roma d\u00f6neminde daha belirgin hale geldi\u011fini g\u00f6steriyor. 2019\u20132021 ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da seramik par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra farkl\u0131 co\u011frafi k\u00f6kenlere sahip ticari amphoralar tespit edildi. Bunlar\u0131n geldi\u011fi alanlar Ege ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011fil; Karadeniz ve Do\u011fu Akdeniz ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Pitane \u00f6nemli bir seramik \u00fcretim merkezi haline geliyor. Bug\u00fcn Eastern Sigillata C olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 astarl\u0131 sofra kaplar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131ndan birinin Pitane oldu\u011fu ve bu kaplar\u0131n Ege’den Karadeniz’e kadar geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyaya da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Art\u0131k yaln\u0131zca mallar\u0131n Pitane’ye geldi\u011fi bir d\u00fcnyadan s\u00f6z etmiyoruz. Pitane’de \u00fcretilen mallar da denize a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bir Liman\u0131n \u015earap Tarihi<\/h2>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 bir araya getirdi\u011fimizde Pitane’nin \u015farap tarihindeki yerini biraz daha dikkatli tan\u0131mlayabiliriz.<\/p>\n

    \n
  • Pitane’nin kendi \u015farab\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011funu hen\u00fcz bilmiyoruz.<\/li>\n
  • Pitane’nin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k merkezi oldu\u011funu da s\u00f6yleyemiyoruz.<\/li>\n
  • Fakat Pitane’nin \u015farab\u0131n dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011funu biliyoruz.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Arkaik d\u00f6nemde Khios ve Klazomenai gibi \u00fcretim merkezlerinden gelen ticari amphoralar buraya ula\u015f\u0131yor. Kentin mezarlar\u0131nda i\u00e7ki k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne ait kaplar bulunuyor. Hellenistik d\u00f6nemde Pitane’nin tar\u0131msal hinterland\u0131 Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay Havzas\u0131’na uzan\u0131yor ve kent Pergamon’un deniz ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri haline geliyor. Roma d\u00f6neminde ise farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden amphoralar\u0131n ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kendi seramiklerini uzak pazarlara g\u00f6nderen bir \u00fcretim ve ticaret merkeziyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

    Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Pitane’nin \u015farap tarihindeki \u00f6nemini \u015fimdilik \u201c\u00fcnl\u00fc bir \u015farap \u00fcretim merkezi\u201d<\/strong> olarak de\u011fil, \u015farab\u0131n \u00fcretildi\u011fi co\u011frafyalar ile t\u00fcketildi\u011fi pazarlar aras\u0131ndaki dola\u015f\u0131m a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131<\/strong> olarak okumak daha do\u011fru g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

    Peki Ba\u011f Neredeydi?<\/h2>\n

    Belki de Pitane hakk\u0131nda bug\u00fcn sorabilece\u011fimiz en ilgin\u00e7 soru bu. Kentin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay Havzas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli tar\u0131msal arazilere sahip oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Fakat bu arazilerin ne kadar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin elimizde hen\u00fcz do\u011frudan bir kan\u0131t yok.<\/p>\n

    Arkeobotanik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, yeni y\u00fczey \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, amphora tipolojileri, kil analizleri ve epigrafik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda bu tabloyu de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir. \u00d6zellikle Pitane’nin hinterland\u0131nda yap\u0131lacak ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar, bug\u00fcn cevaplayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yerel ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k ve \u015farap \u00fcretimi sorular\u0131na yeni veriler sa\u011flayabilir. Bu nedenle Pitane’nin \u015farap hik\u00e2yesinin sonuna \u015fimdilik bir nokta koymak yerine virg\u00fcl koymak daha do\u011fru.<\/p>\n

    Belki birka\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra \u00c7andarl\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ayn\u0131 soruyu yeniden soraca\u011f\u0131z:<\/p>\n

    Pitane’nin kendi ba\u011flar\u0131 var m\u0131yd\u0131?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Bug\u00fcn verebildi\u011fimiz cevap \u015fu: Hen\u00fcz bilmiyoruz. Ama art\u0131k nereye bakmam\u0131z gerekti\u011fini biliyoruz.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

    <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Pitane\u2019nin kendi \u015farab\u0131 var m\u0131yd\u0131, hen\u00fcz bilmiyoruz. Ama Khios ve Klazomenai amphoralar\u0131, Lesbos ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 ve Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay\u2019a uzanan hinterland\u0131, antik \u00c7andarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015farab\u0131n dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ege d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":994622,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[277],"tags":[1954,1955,1953,1920,1952,229],"class_list":["post-994646","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antik-sarap-kentleri","tag-aiolis","tag-antik-cagda-sarap","tag-candarli","tag-pergamon","tag-pitane","tag-sarap-tarihi"],"yoast_head":"\nPitane: Denize A\u00e7\u0131lan \u015earap Yolu - Wayana Wine Bar<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Antik Pitane\u2019nin \u015farap tarihindeki izlerini Khios ve Klazomenai amphoralar\u0131ndan Pergamon, Lesbos ve Bak\u0131r\u00e7ay ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131na yolculuk.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wayanatapas.com\/en\/pitane-sarap-tarihi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pitane: Denize A\u00e7\u0131lan \u015earap Yolu - 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