{"id":995423,"date":"2026-10-29T17:31:37","date_gmt":"2026-10-29T14:31:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.wayanatapas.com\/?p=995423"},"modified":"2026-10-29T17:31:37","modified_gmt":"2026-10-29T14:31:37","slug":"ephesos-antik-kent-mutfagi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.wayanatapas.com\/ja\/ephesos-antik-kent-mutfagi\/","title":{"rendered":"Ephesos: Bir Antik Kentin Sofras\u0131n\u0131 Yeniden Kurmak"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

ANADOLU\u2019NUN MUTFAK ARKEOLOJ\u0130S\u0130 01<\/p>\n

Antik kentleri gezerken elbette etraf\u0131m\u0131za bakar\u0131z. Tap\u0131naklara, s\u00fctunlara, tiyatrolara, an\u0131tsal kap\u0131lara\u2026 Kim yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, hangi imparator d\u00f6neminde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ka\u00e7 ki\u015fi al\u0131yormu\u015f, mermerleri nereden gelmi\u015f, s\u00fcslemelerinde nelere yer vermi\u015fler? Kentin oradaki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat eden unsurlar bug\u00fcne kalan an\u0131tlar olsa da kent onlardan ibaret de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Zaman\u0131nda o kentte ya\u015fayan insanlar sabah uyan\u0131yor, pazara gidiyor, tah\u0131l \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcyor, bal\u0131k temizliyor, ate\u015f yak\u0131yor, yemek pi\u015firiyor, \u015farap i\u00e7iyor ve sofraya oturuyorlard\u0131. Kimi zaman evlerinde, kimi zaman sokakta, kimi zaman da y\u00fczlerce ki\u015finin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015f\u00f6lenlerde yemek yiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Peki b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlardan bug\u00fcne ne kalm\u0131\u015f olabilir? Bir tencere. Bir bal\u0131k kemi\u011fi. K\u00f6m\u00fcrle\u015fmi\u015f birka\u00e7 bezelye. Bir \u015feftali \u00e7ekirde\u011fi. Bir amforan\u0131n dibindeki kal\u0131nt\u0131. Bir \u00e7\u00f6p \u00e7ukuruna at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczlerce tabak. Arkeologlar i\u00e7in bunlar\u0131n hi\u00e7biri \u00e7\u00f6p de\u011fildir. Bazen bir antik kentin sofras\u0131n\u0131 yeniden kurmak i\u00e7in elimizdeki en de\u011ferli kan\u0131tlar tam da bunlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019nun Mutfak Arkeolojisi<\/strong> dizisine bu nedenle Ephesos\u2019ta ba\u015fl\u0131yoruz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ephesos yaln\u0131zca Anadolu\u2019nun en g\u00f6rkemli antik kentlerinden biri de\u011fil. Arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sayesinde mutfa\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sofras\u0131n\u0131 ve yeme-i\u00e7me al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131llar i\u00e7indeki de\u011fi\u015fimini izleyebildi\u011fimiz ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc kentlerden biri.<\/p>\n

Co\u011frafyan\u0131n Kurdu\u011fu Sofra<\/h2>\n

Ephesos\u2019un mutfa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamaya tencereden de\u011fil, co\u011frafyadan ba\u015flamakta fayda var. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kentin kaderini sular belirliyordu: Ege Denizi ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes.<\/p>\n

Ephesos uzun s\u00fcre Akdeniz d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli limanlar\u0131ndan biri oldu. Liman yaln\u0131z insanlar\u0131 ve mallar\u0131 de\u011fil, farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar\u0131n yiyeceklerini, \u015faraplar\u0131n\u0131, ya\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 ve yemek al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da kente ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes ve onun yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 verimli havza kentin hemen arkas\u0131ndayd\u0131. Tah\u0131llar, meyveler, \u00fcz\u00fcm, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k, tatl\u0131 su kaynaklar\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n

Ephesos\u2019un sofras\u0131 b\u00f6ylece iki ayr\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bulu\u015ftu\u011fu yerde kuruluyordu: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes Havzas\u0131 ile Akdeniz.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Arkeobotanik ve zooarkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar bu sofran\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca de\u011fi\u015fim i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Erken d\u00f6nemlerde tah\u0131llar aras\u0131nda arpa \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karken, ilerleyen d\u00f6nemlerde durum bu\u011fday\u0131n\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 art\u0131yor. \u0130ncir ve \u00fcz\u00fcm uzun zaman dilimleri boyunca hep kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Hayvansal g\u0131dalarda da de\u011fi\u015fim g\u00f6zleniyor. Erken d\u00f6nemlerde koyun ve ke\u00e7i belirginken, Roma \u0130mparatorluk d\u00f6neminde domuzun, \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7 domuzlar\u0131n, \u00f6nemi art\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bal\u0131klar ise Ephesos\u2019un de\u011fi\u015fen co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n belki de en ilgin\u00e7 tan\u0131klar\u0131. Kent denizden giderek uzakla\u015f\u0131rken, de\u011fi\u015fen yaln\u0131z liman\u0131n kaderi olmuyor. Roma d\u00f6nemi buluntular\u0131nda deniz bal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes ve \u00e7evresindeki sulardan gelen tatl\u0131 su bal\u0131klar\u0131 da \u00f6nem kazan\u0131yor. Anlayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes \u00f6nce bir kentin co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131, sonra liman\u0131n\u0131, sonunda da sofras\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor.<\/p>\n

Bir Mutfa\u011f\u0131n \u0130\u00e7ine Girmek<\/h2>\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 yaln\u0131z kemiklerden ve \u00e7ekirdeklerden bilmiyoruz. Ephesos\u2019ta mutfa\u011f\u0131n kendisine de girebiliyoruz.<\/p>\n

\"Kaz\u0131larda<\/p>\n

Yama\u00e7 Ev 2\u2019deki mek\u00e2nlardan biri, SR 27a, mutfak olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor. Burada ve kentin di\u011fer alanlar\u0131nda bulunan pi\u015firme kaplar\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nabilir ocaklar, \u015fi\u015fler, el de\u011firmenleri ve ba\u015fka mutfak ara\u00e7lar\u0131 yemek haz\u0131rlaman\u0131n g\u00fcndelik d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr hale getiriyor. B\u00f6ylece arkeoloji bize yaln\u0131zca ne yenildi\u011fini<\/strong> de\u011fil, giderek nas\u0131l haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve nerede pi\u015firildi\u011fini<\/strong> de anlatmaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Fakat Ephesos\u2019ta \u00f6yle bir buluntu var ki bizi mutfaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p do\u011frudan sofraya g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Hem de olduk\u00e7a kalabal\u0131k bir ziyafet sofras\u0131na.<\/p>\n

MS 60\u2019lar: Bir Ziyafetten Geriye Kalanlar<\/h2>\n

Yama\u00e7 Ev 2\u2019nin 5 numaral\u0131 konut biriminde arkeologlar yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.500 litrelik hacimde bir \u00e7ukur buldular. SE 208 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu \u00e7ukur s\u0131radan bir evsel \u00e7\u00f6p alan\u0131na benzemiyordu. \u0130\u00e7indeki malzemenin niteli\u011fi ve tarihlendirilmesi, \u00e7ukurun tek bir b\u00fcy\u00fck olay\u0131n ard\u0131ndan doldurulmu\u015f olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Buluntular yakla\u015f\u0131k MS 60\u2019lara, Neron d\u00f6nemine tarihleniyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar burada bir cena publica<\/em>, yani kamusal bir ziyafetin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olabilece\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. Kesin olarak bilmiyoruz.<\/p>\n

\"Ephesos<\/p>\n

Ama \u00e7ukurun i\u00e7indekileri masaya dizmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, nas\u0131l bir t\u00fcketimden s\u00f6z edildi\u011fi daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. En az 663 kap<\/strong> var. Bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tabaklar, k\u00e2seler ve i\u00e7ki kaplar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan sofra tak\u0131mlar\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca pi\u015firme kaplar\u0131, kapaklar ve amforalar var. Hayvan kemikleri ise daha da \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131: En az 10 domuz, 4 s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, 5 koyun ya da ke\u00e7i, 2 tav\u015fan, 1 yaban domuzu, 18 ku\u015f ve 60 bal\u0131k. Gen\u00e7 domuzlar, evcil tavuklar, yumurtalar ve yabani ku\u015flar t\u00fcketilmi\u015f. Deniz ve tatl\u0131 su bal\u0131klar\u0131 sofrada yan yana. \u0130stiridye, midye ve ba\u015fka deniz kabuklular\u0131 da bunlara e\u015flik ediyor.<\/p>\n

Sonra amphoralar geliyor. Yakla\u015f\u0131k 280 litre \u015farap<\/strong> hesaplan\u0131yor. \u00dcstelik tek bir \u015farap de\u011fil. En az alt\u0131 farkl\u0131 t\u00fcrden s\u00f6z ediliyor. Khios ve Campania\u2019dan gelen \u015faraplar\u0131n yan\u0131nda Kos ve Girit\u2019ten tatl\u0131 \u015faraplar bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Sofrada ayr\u0131ca b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda zeytinya\u011f\u0131 var. Ve \u00e7ok daha uzaklardan gelen ba\u015fka bir \u00fcr\u00fcn: G\u00fcney \u0130spanya\u2019dan ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, uskumrudan yap\u0131lan garum scomber<\/em>. Amphoran\u0131n \u00fczerindeki yaz\u0131 i\u00e7eri\u011fini bile s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

Bir an i\u00e7in arkeolojik terminolojiyi kenara b\u0131rakal\u0131m. Yakla\u015f\u0131k iki bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce Ephesos\u2019ta b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015f\u00f6len d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olmal\u0131. E\u011fer ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n yorumu do\u011fruysa yeme\u011fe kat\u0131lanlar domuz, ku\u015f, bal\u0131k ve deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnleri yediler, farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalardan gelen \u015faraplar\u0131 i\u00e7tiler, zeytinya\u011f\u0131 ve bal\u0131k soslar\u0131 kulland\u0131lar. Sonra sofra kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve art\u0131klar bir \u00e7ukura at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Yakla\u015f\u0131k iki bin y\u0131l sonra o \u00e7ukur yeniden a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bazen tarihin bize b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 en iyi sofra kayd\u0131 nedir, biliyor musunuz? \u00c7\u00f6pt\u00fcr.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yerel bir mutfak m\u0131?<\/h2>\n

Bu ziyafet Ephesos mutfa\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir yan\u0131lg\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015fmemizi de engelliyor. Antik bir Anadolu kentinin mutfa\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ederken yaln\u0131zca yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinde yeti\u015fen \u00fcr\u00fcnleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek kolay. Ama Ephesos bir liman kentiydi. Amforalar bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi sofran\u0131n \u00fczerine ta\u015f\u0131yor. \u015earap, zeytinya\u011f\u0131, bal\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcnleri, zeytin, hurma ve ba\u015fka g\u0131dalar Akdeniz\u2019in farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinden kente ula\u015f\u0131yordu. \u0130talya\u2019dan Ege adalar\u0131na, Kuzey Afrika\u2019dan Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019e uzanan geni\u015f bir ticaret d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n izleri Ephesos\u2019ta bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda Ephesos ve \u00e7evresinin \u00fcr\u00fcnleri de ba\u015fka co\u011frafyalara gidiyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Ephesos mutfa\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca \u201cyerel\u201d demek yetersiz kal\u0131yor. Belki daha do\u011fru ifade \u015fu: Co\u011frafyas\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da olsa bile ufku Akdeniz\u2019de olan bir mutfak.<\/strong><\/p>\n

MS 614\/615: Bir Yang\u0131n\u0131n Dondurdu\u011fu Ak\u015fam<\/h2>\n

\u015eimdi yakla\u015f\u0131k be\u015f bu\u00e7uk y\u00fczy\u0131l ileri gidelim. Ephesos h\u00e2l\u00e2 ayakta. \u0130mparatorluk de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, din de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, kent de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, k\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisi de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f. Ama insanlar h\u00e2l\u00e2 yemek yiyor. Domitianus Meydan\u0131 \u00e7evresinde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda erken Bizans d\u00f6nemine ait bir ticaret ve yeme-i\u00e7me b\u00f6lgesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

Anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ki MS 614\/615 dolaylar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yang\u0131n b\u00f6lgeyi yok etmi\u015f. Ama yang\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahribat bizim i\u00e7in bir hazine de\u011ferinde: arkeologlar adeta o zamandan bug\u00fcne ula\u015fan bir zaman kaps\u00fcl\u00fc buldular. Kaps\u00fcl\u00fcn i\u00e7inde de yang\u0131n tabakas\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda kalan mek\u00e2nlar ve i\u00e7lerindeki malzemeler.<\/p>\n

Kaz\u0131lan alanda bir a\u015f\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fckk\u00e2n\u0131, depo ve taberna* gibi yeme-i\u00e7meyle ili\u015fkili mek\u00e2nlar arkeologlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bu kez b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ziyafetin ard\u0131ndan b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7\u00f6plere de\u011fil, g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131n ortas\u0131nda bir anda terk edilmi\u015f yiyeceklere<\/strong> bak\u0131yoruz. Tabaklarda deniz tara\u011f\u0131 ve istiridye gibi deniz \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 bulunuyor. Amphoralarda tuzlanm\u0131\u015f uskumru var. \u015eeftali \u00e7ekirdekleri, badem, zeytin, bezelye ve ba\u015fka baklagiller ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Bioarkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar nohut ve \u00e7emenotunu da bu tabloya ekliyor. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck s\u00fcrahiler ve i\u00e7ki kaplar\u0131 tak\u0131m halinde duruyor. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bunlar\u0131n \u015farapla doldurularak \u00e7evredeki tabernalarda m\u00fc\u015fterilere servis edilmi\u015f olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n

MS 60\u2019lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck sofras\u0131ndan MS 614\/615\u2019in tabernas\u0131na geldik. Aradan yakla\u015f\u0131k 550 y\u0131l ge\u00e7ti. Bal\u0131k h\u00e2l\u00e2 sofrada. \u015earap h\u00e2l\u00e2 kadehte. Baklagiller, tah\u0131llar, meyveler ve zeytin h\u00e2l\u00e2 mutfa\u011f\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131. Ve Akdeniz h\u00e2l\u00e2 Ephesos\u2019un taba\u011f\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 Kent, De\u011fi\u015fen Sofralar<\/h2>\n

Ephesos\u2019un mutfak arkeolojisinin bize anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey belki de tek tek hangi yiyeceklerin t\u00fcketildi\u011finden daha \u00f6nemli. Mutfak dura\u011fan de\u011fil.<\/strong> Co\u011frafya de\u011fi\u015ftik\u00e7e de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Ticaret yollar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftik\u00e7e de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Ekonomik ili\u015fkiler, toplumsal hayat ve insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kent de\u011fi\u015ftik\u00e7e mutfak da de\u011fi\u015fiyor.<\/p>\n

Ama baz\u0131 s\u00fcreklilikler de var. Tah\u0131llar \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Bal\u0131k temizleniyor. Tencereler ate\u015fe konuyor. \u015earap ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131yor, servis ediliyor ve i\u00e7iliyor. \u0130nsanlar sofran\u0131n \u00e7evresinde bulu\u015fuyor.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn Ephesos\u2019a gitti\u011fimizde Celsus K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi\u2019ne, B\u00fcy\u00fck Tiyatro\u2019ya, mermer caddelere ve Yama\u00e7 Evler\u2019e bak\u0131yoruz. Bundan sonra belki bir \u015feyi daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekir. Bu caddelerde y\u00fcr\u00fcyen insanlar\u0131n ak\u015fam ne yiyeceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcklerini. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir kenti anlamak i\u00e7in yaln\u0131zca tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131na, tiyatrosuna ya da saray\u0131na de\u011fil; tenceresine de bakmak gerekir.<\/strong><\/p>\n

*Taberna, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta yanl\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u201ctaverna\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc izlenimi yarat\u0131yor ama de\u011fil. Latince taberna hem d\u00fckk\u00e2n hem de yeme-i\u00e7me mek\u00e2n\u0131 olabiliyor. S\u00f6zc\u00fck zaman i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 dillere ge\u00e7erek \u201ctaverna\u201d bi\u00e7imini al\u0131yor ve daha \u00e7ok meyhane\/lokanta t\u00fcr\u00fc yeme-i\u00e7me mek\u00e2nlar\u0131yla ili\u015fkilendiriliyor.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0130ki bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce Ephesos’ta insanlar ne yiyordu? Roma ziyafetlerinden Bizans d\u00f6nemi a\u015f\u00e7\u0131 d\u00fckk\u00e2nlar\u0131na uzanan arkeolojik buluntular, antik kentin de\u011fi\u015fen sofras\u0131n\u0131 ve Akdeniz’le kurdu\u011fu ili\u015fkileri g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne seriyor.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":995426,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1961],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-995423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-acik-hava-sarap-muzesi"],"yoast_head":"\nEphesos Mutfa\u011f\u0131 ve Antik \u00c7a\u011fda Yemek K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ephesos'un antik mutfa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffedin. 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